After 80s, the fans are basically cd worlds, have not played vinyl records, so rumors of all kinds of vinyl, feeling novelty, and even ridiculously play the game, some old burning is more mysterious, not to give an introduction Secret, and there are individuals who are more unique, and fool the beginners of vinyl.
The younger brother is not talented. After the age of 60, I was fortunate enough to play vinyl in the 1980s. Although the younger brother was a high school student in the 1980s, it was difficult to play high-end turntables with limited pocket money. In the age of students, you can buy a few records every month. By the end of the year, the younger brother went to work in the society, saved for a few months, and finally changed to a more advanced turntable combination. It may also be the last turntable. The combination is the ThorensTD-321 turntable plus the SME3009s2 singer with the SHUREV15-IV cartridge. It is a group of intermediate 鈇 triangle combinations at the time. This phonograph combination has been playing all the way until 1995. Because of the working days, it is too time to play vinyl. And the phonograph is not locked up, only the CD, I hope to have time in the future, only to take the disc out and play again.
The basics of vinyl are divided into several parts, including the principle of vinyl sound, the working mode of the turntable, the type of the arm, the type of the head and the wiring specifications, the headphone amplifier and the front stage, and the basis of the singing arm and the head.
Black plastic sound principle
The vinyl record is a purely physical sound. When the sound is made, the singer rubs the grain of the record and makes a sound. The record is 45 degrees in the record, and the left side and the left side sing the needle to rub the lines and make a sound, so when the night is quiet You pay attention to the singer's head walking, you will pick up the squeaky rustling of the grain, while the vocal sound also causes the vibration at the same time, the vibration of the stylus causes the coil in the phono to produce a small AC signal. The phono amplifier is responsible for amplifying these tiny signals and then feeding them into the front and rear stages.
All the power supply of the turntable is only the motorized turntable for the turntable. The pickup is never used, and it can even be understood that the pickup is a power generation device that responds to the vibration of the grain.
The grain on the record, based on physical characteristics, the treble is very thin and shallow. On the contrary, the bass requires thick and deep, so when the stereo compact recording began in the 1950s (LP---LongPlay means Long-term singing, that is, dense-grain records), in order to balance the gap between the rough and fine lines and the encryption of the grain, so the treble is raised and lowered the bass level, after raising the treble and lowering the tone, the high and low bass of the grain When you are young, you can record long-term patches. When you play back, you can reproduce the sound of the original pattern by using a curved amplifier that lowers the treble level by raising the bass level.
This kind of curve of improvement and decline, the major record companies in the early years are not unified, more than ten kinds, and there are several common types. Later, in the 1950s and 1960s, they were unified into one commonly used one, which is the RIAA American recording industry. The Association Recording Industry Association of America, so the phono amplifier is also called equalization amplifier or RIAA amplifier, just because this amplifier is included in the RIAA curve equalization.
Head type and wiring specifications
In history, there have been many inventions in the phono. In addition to the common MM moving heads, MC moving heads, there are also many moving tartars, tartaric acid, quartz, piezoelectric, thimbles, bamboo needles, etc., but modern stereo sings The head of the covenant only appeared around 1958.
What is a modern phonograph? This refers to the modern stereo LP record specifications set by the RIAA American Recording Industry Association Recording Industry Association of America in the 1950s. The first phono that can reproduce this specification is made by the US SHURE. The M3D cartridge produced in 1958, of course, is the moving head.
By 1964, SHURE in the United States had invented the V15 series of cartridges. The meaning of V15 is that the angle between the tip and the record is 15 degrees. SHURE through various tests, the 15 degree tip can make the smallest damage to the record and get the maximum. The ability to pick up.
There is no uniformity between the tip and the angle of the record. The angles of the filming moments are not unified by the world's major record companies, but most of them are within 15 to 20 degrees. This angle can be corrected by the vocal arm adjustment. , but 15 degrees use the most.
There are no specific record companies that are different angles, there is, British DECCA, it is known to be 20 degrees.
Since the development of modern phonographs, only the MM moving heads and MC moving heads have been retained. However, in this structure, there are also stereo and monophonic phonographs, and there are also a few sharp needles for the 78-rpm SP record. The SP pickups, but they are inseparable from the structure of MM and MC, so the introduction of LP vinyl, mainly about these two kinds of cartridges.
MM magnetic pickup
As the name implies, the magnetic field is the meaning of the movable magnet. When the record rotates, the stylus vibrates, the stylus vibrates and moves the needle bar, and a small magnet is installed at the end of the needle bar, so the stylus vibration also vibrates the small magnet, and the vocal coil is wound around the core. The magnet vibration interferes, so the AC signal is induced to sound. This is the principle of the moving magnetic pickup. Since the coil and the core are fixed in the cartridge, the coil can be wound more than the weight of the needle, so the magnetic field The output of the pickup is large, about 1.5 to 4 mv, and the stylus and the coil are two separate bodies. Therefore, most of the design of the magnetic pickup is that the stylus and the coil can be separated, so that the stylus can be replaced after being worn out.
Because the magnetic head vibrates with the magnet, the coil is inductive and sounds. Many people think that this is an indirect sound, so the sound is not as good as the moving sound of the moving coil, but in fact, the well-designed magnetic head, the sound is also very desirable, especially Play back large symphonies, JAZZ music, etc., the magnetic head is even more.
How the turntable works
All the world's turntables, as long as there is a constant speed in the work, the speed is commonly used 331/3 and 45 revolutions, 78 turns is used for rare SP records, the method of turning the turntable, there are only three, is the wheel, Drive and direct drive, all the turn of the turntable, do not leave these three.
Wheeling:
It is an ancient transmission method. The rotation has been a hundred years old. Basically, the Edison phonograph era has been equipped with a wheeling device. The principle of the wheeling is to rotate the large and fine wheel core from the motor shaft, and then drive an intermediate wheel and intermediate wheel. When the turntable is driven to change the rotational speed, a mechanical device is used to change the position of the intermediate wheel in the large and fine wheel core. Since the large diameter of the wheel core changes, the rotational speed also changes.
The advantage of the wheeling is simple, the starting speed and the steady speed are also fast, but the disadvantage is that when the wheel is rotated, the turntable is also easy to transmit the vibration of the motor due to the intermediate wheel, so many time wheel turntables will have a little rumble, and it is not easy to do well. And most of the intermediate wheels are made of glue. The rubber wheel will damage the deformation for many years of work, but the wheel is often used because of the good mid-range charm, and the more expensive discs in the world are rotating. .
The representative of the rotating turntable is Garrard Garnard, the early Thorens multi-energy and so on.
drive:
Driving the transmission is one of the easiest and simplest transmissions. The most popular DIY discs in the world are driven by the motor. When the motor is driven, the shaft is driven by the shaft. The shaft is connected to the belt to drive the turntable. When the speed is changed, the installation can be changed. In the position of the large and fine wheel core on the motor shaft core, the motor speed can also be changed, and the driving can also be driven separately, that is, the motor belt and the small turntable are in the large turntable, and the external driving, that is, the motor belt and the turntable (ie, the turntable) are installed. There are two major categories outside.
The driving advantage is that it is simple and easy to do, but the starting and steady speed are not as fast as the rotation. The disadvantage is that the belt will gradually become longer due to the time, so the advanced good driving will drive one more flywheel to stabilize the speed and adjust the belt length.
There are many representative works that drive the turntable, such as Linn Lian, Thorens, and Micro-Song, ClearAudio, etc.
Direct drive:
The direct drive disc is very late design. It was popular in the 1970s. It was popular in the 1970s and 1980s. The direct drive means that the disc is directly driven by the motor, that is, the speed of the motor is equal to the rotation speed of the disc, and the motor is directly mounted under the turntable. The shaft drives the turntable, so the technical difficulty of the direct drive is the highest of the three drivers, and everyone understands why it is popular until the final stage of the turntable (that is, the most mature technology).
It is very difficult to engrave the direct drive. The first is to have a low speed and a high speed, but it must be constant speed but can be shifted. The vibration and noise of the second motor should be extremely low. The third turntable should be magnetically shielded to prevent the motor from vibrating. Head, based on the above conditions, direct drive to completely DIY, basically impossible, Japan's senior DIY players can only DIY direct drive speed control electronic part, in order to achieve more precise control.
The advantage of direct drive is that the quick start is fast and the stop is fast. It is the fastest of the three kinds of actions, so the direct drive is deeply favored by the professional professional turntable users, such as radio stations, disco, etc. The disadvantage is that the structure is complicated and once damaged It is not easy to repair, and many people say that the direct-drive disc sounds lighter (I don't think it is necessary). The direct drive is basically the Japanese world. The National Music (now using Panasonic) is the most famous, but Denon Tianlong and Kenwood Kenwood also have production.
In addition to the way of turning the disc, the anti-vibration of the disc is also divided into two categories, namely, spring anti-vibration---the so-called (floppy disc) and low-centre anti-vibration---the so-called (hard disk) are very large in structure and sound. .
Spring anti-vibration:
The most common commonly used turntable is easy to prevent vibration, that is, the turntable base springs up (or lifts) the turntable board and the arm board, and the motor mounted on the base vibrates, and will not be transmitted to the turntable board and the arm board, thereby reducing the motor. For the influence of the pickup, this anti-vibration method is often used to drive the turntable, but the structure is preferably the same as the turntable and the arm plate. Otherwise, if there is some micro-vibration, the turntable will turn differently, which greatly reduces the anti-vibration effect. And even caused bigger problems.
There are many discs that use this method to prevent vibration, such as LinnLP-12, ThorensTD-320, TD-520 and so on.
Low center of gravity anti-vibration:
It is said that the low center of gravity and anti-vibration is not anti-vibration, but the low and heavy center of gravity is used to support the reasonable weight of the turntable and the fixed arm plate. When there is external vibration, the vibration will be absorbed by the heavy disc base, and The base is heavier than the turntable, so the vibration is not easy to transmit on the turntable. This anti-vibration method, Japan's Mirco is very good, its advanced turntable, no need to use this method, in the modern best turntable design, many are used This method, such as ClearAudio, is an example. The owner of ClearAudio (designer) even published a test vibration method to prove the benefits of this low center of gravity anti-vibration. When they tested, they first saw a piece of mirror into a record-like mirror. Turn on the turntable on the turntable, then use a little laser to shoot at the mirror. After the laser reflects and enlarges the spot, it is found that the spot remains still, but the test is also used on the floppy disk of the spring suspension. The laser point will be There is a slight movement, which shows that when the turntable rotates, the energy of the rotation will bring a little activity to the anti-vibration.
Summarize anti-vibration, hard disk and floppy disk are useful, and these two kinds of anti-vibration can be used in three kinds of rotation methods. On the sound, the hard disk sound is more careful, more meticulous, and the lines are distinct. The floppy disk sound is thick and the charm is good. Feelings are rich.
Singing arm type
In simple terms, there are only two categories of arc tracking and linear tracking. These two types have different working modes and effects due to different structures.
Arc tracking
It is the simplest and longest history of the vocal arm. This structure has been more than a hundred years old. It has this kind of vocal arm in the era of Edison phonograph. Any point support, knife support and other S-arms, J-arm and I-arm are all this. Class, arc tracking, based on the principle of arcing, no matter how the design, the outer arc has an angular error. The error is theoretically longer and smaller, so the 12-inch long arm is more expensive than the 9-inch long arm. In recent years, there are also DIY players who have made more than 30 long vocal arms, but there are errors in tracking anyway. This error is mainly due to the engraving of the film, whether it is a Neumann, Decca or Ortofon machine, it is a straight line. Trace, so playback should also follow the line in order to achieve the ideal.
The mainstream simple arc tracking, how to correct this tracking error?
In the 1940s, one called Mr. HGBaerwald proposed Overhang and OffsetAngle to correct this tracking error.
There are many arc-tracking singers, such as Ortofon, SME, SAEC, etc.
Straight line tracking
Because of the working method closest to the engraving, the linear tracking arm has always been the ideal of the audio designer, but the straight-tracking singer can only be made in modern times. In the 1970s, Harman Kardon was the first to engrave. The principle of the motor of the tablet machine was to make the first turntable of the linear tracking arm driven by the motor. Since then, the major factories in Japan have also produced such a large number of linear tracking robots driven by motors, but of course, this For various reasons, the products failed to enter the hall of the senior singer.
Until the mid-eighties, the first linear tracking arm that did not use motor power was the ET1 vocal arm of the American ET (EminentTechnology) company. It was designed with air floatation, and basically all air-floating design singers are sourced. Since this singer arm, but the air float design has a large supply of air pressure to make the sound different, air plugs and so on, then there will be a fully mechanical straight line tracking arm, the first one is the United States Souther (later sold to Germany's Clearaudio) uses a very smooth quartz rod for linear tracking guides. It is an ideal design to use a small pulley to support the movement of the stylus on the record. It is an ideal design, but the original Souther The vocal arm has a support point on the axis of the turntable, which is affected by the vibration of the turntable. Later, the design was modified by Clearaudio.
MC moving coil cartridge
The dynamic phono is the meaning of the active voice coil, just like the tip of the moving head and the structure of the needle bar, but only the stylus is not mounted with a magnet, but a coil is installed, and the needle bar moves the coil, and the magnet is fixed to the left and right of the coil. The rod drives the coil and is excited by the magnet induction coil to emit an alternating current signal. This is the principle of the moving coil. Since the kinetic energy of the needle bar is small, the coil can only use a very thin coil, so the coil induces an alternating current signal. About ten parts of the moving head, that is, about 0.15 to 0.4 mv, because the output is very thin, the moving head is added to the amplifier, that is, the front preamplifier or the step-up transformer.
Since the coil is connected to the end of the stylus, even if the stylus is damaged, the replacement of the stylus cannot be removed independently, and it is usually returned to the manufacturer for replacement. This is also the inconvenience of the moving phono. The moving phono is directly due to the vocal coil. I feel the vibration and make a sound, so many people think that the sound of the moving ring is better than that of the magnetic head, but I have tried it for many years, and the moving head is good, but I have to sing in some small pieces and small indoors. On this record, once the JAZZ music is played back, the large symphony, the moving ring pickup is not as dynamic as the magnetic pickup, and the moving ring can only win in the solo vocals, vocal positioning, and high-frequency air.
In summary, the moving magnets and moving coils have their own strengths, so many of the top burning players have installed two singing arms on the same turntable, respectively installing magnetic and moving ring pickups to play back different records, and even more One more arm and a mono head mounted for playing ancient mono recordings.
Carriage wiring specification
The output of the pickup is mostly four wiring heads, but there are also three-wire heads, that is, the common ground connection. Most of the modern ones are four wirings, which are white, basket, green, and red. The white and red are the same as the general signal wiring. They are L left (white) R right (red), and the basket color is the white L left ground, the green is the red R right ground, the signal is only connected to the four lines, and the shield arm or the connecting player casing shield There is also a ground wire used for shielding. If these wires are not connected well, it will cause a lot of noise. Because the output of the moving coil cartridge is fine, it is necessary to add an amplifier or a step-up transformer. The wiring should be carefully.
Phonograph and preamp
Since the phono only uses the singular vibrating stylus to sound, the output is very small. For example, the MM moving head is not more than 5mv, so the phono amplifier has a standard magnification of 100 times (ie 40db), while the MC dynamic sings. The head is nearly ten times thinner, so add a step-up transformer to the amplifier or add a 10x amplification, the front preamp.
Before the 1990s, when the record was still popular, the standard preamp was included in the enlarged part of the cartridge. This part was used to access the standard MM magnetic pickup. After the 1990s, due to the record type, At that time, the predecessor did not have the enlarged part of the phono, only the 10x magnification of the line input, the so-called cd preamp, so young fans, many do not know the phono to add amplifier, thought and cd same.
Since the RIAA equalization curve is added when the record is produced, all standard phono amplifiers must have an anti-RIAA equalization curve, so the phono amplifier is also called RIAA amplifier, regardless of whether the phono amplifier is used with biliary or stone. It is necessary to add this RIAA curve to make a phono amplifier. Since the RIAA is played back, it is necessary to raise the low frequency 20db while lowering the high frequency 20db. Thus, in the circuit structure, two types of circuit structures are formed, that is, common NF return type and rare CR attenuation type.
In the 1960s and 1970s, when the amplifiers were popular, the world's three preamplifier circuits had two NF reincarnations and one CR attenuation type, including the American Marantz7. Marantz 7) and McIntoshC22 (McKing C22) are NF-return type, while the British Quad22 (Guo Du 22) is attenuated by CR. There is a subtle difference between the sounds. However, it is not suitable. Generally speaking, the NF reincarnation type has a medium-frequency thicker flavor, but the sound is not meticulous and slow. These amplifiers are used in vocal solo and small chamber music, while the CR attenuation type is wider and wider. The two ends are stretched, the sound is meticulous and fast, but the medium frequency is thin and the charm is less. This type of magnification is suitable for large symphonies.
In the modern stone age, based on the stone machine circuit structure, the phono amplification is mainly NF reintroduction type and few single CR type, and the CR type is only NF plus CR type, and atomic particle IC, etc. With the advancement of technology, the phono amplifier of the atomic-grain IC structure has completely replaced the chord amplifier of the biliary structure. More audio and video knowledge, welcome to add WeChat: cnhifi.
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