At present, domestic IPv6 access is not restricted by technical limitations. The real reason lies in the fact that the IPv6 network in China is still in the research and testing phase, primarily deployed within universities and research institutions. The political reliability of those involved is high, and both the government and the public are confident in its security.
For example:
According to the IPv6 protocol, each device on a local area network (LAN) has a unique public IP address. This means that your machine can fully support peer-to-peer (P2P) communication without relying on an intermediate server. If you're in an IPv6 environment, here's what could happen:
1. Using the `ifconfig` (Unix) command, you can see your local IPv6 address: 2607:f8b0:4000:802::200e.
2. You can map the AAAA record of your domain name (e.g., http://example.com) to this IPv6 address.
3. Then, any computer worldwide that supports IPv6 can access your local web server on port 80 through http://example.com.
In other words, deploying IPv6 allows every user’s machine to become a public-facing server at any time. While this aligns with the original vision of the Internet, it raises significant challenges for current policy enforcement and cloud service providers. It's important to note that currently, only companies are granted public IP addresses in China, and they must go through strict filing and audit processes. Individuals are not allowed to obtain public IPs, and even home networks often restrict port 80 or prevent domain name server usage.
The Chinese Education Network’s IPv6 deployment is essentially a large internal network, and not all websites are accessible. Additionally, full IPv6 support is still incomplete.
Some regions have started allocating IPv6 addresses, and testing is possible under certain conditions. However, it is unlikely that IPv6 will achieve widespread commercial use in China within the next five years.
Regarding the Great Firewall (GFW): Why is China’s IPv6 network gaining popularity? Because the GFW does not yet effectively block IPv6 traffic. For instance, users on the China Education Network who have IPv6 addresses and run operating systems that support IPv6 (such as macOS, Windows Vista and later) can access Google via ipv6.google.com and search for sensitive content without being blocked. As a result, the backbone network in China may eventually shift towards IPv6, but this will require the GFW to be updated to handle IPv6 filtering.
**IPv4 vs. IPv6 and the GFW**
IPv4 addresses are 32 bits long and typically written in four decimal numbers separated by dots. To provide flexibility for different network sizes, IP designers divided the address space into classes:
- **Class A**: The first byte represents the network, while the remaining three bytes are for the host. Range: 1.0.0.1 – 126.255.255.254. Private range: 10.0.0.0 – 10.255.255.255. Reserved: 127.0.0.0 – 127.255.255.255.
- **Class B**: The first two bytes are the network, the last two are the host. Range: 128.0.0.1 – 191.255.255.254. Private range: 172.16.0.0 – 172.31.255.255. Reserved: 169.254.XX.
- **Class C**: The first three bytes are the network, the last is the host. Range: 192.0.0.1 – 223.255.255.254. Private range: 192.168.0.0 – 192.168.255.255.
- **Class D**: Used for multicast. First four bits are 1110. Range: 224.0.0.1 – 239.255.255.254.
- **Class E**: Reserved for future use. First five bits are 11110. Range: 240.0.0.1 – 255.255.255.254.
IPv6 addresses are 128 bits long. They are typically written as eight groups of four hexadecimal digits separated by colons, such as 3ffe:3201:1401:1:280:c8ff:fe4d:db39.
Currently, the IANA has delegated the task of IPv6 address allocation to three regional organizations:
- **RIPE-NCC** in Europe
- **IANA** in North America
- **APNIC** in the Asia-Pacific region
Interestingly, Africa does not have a dedicated organization for this task.
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