The 51 MCU series refers to a family of microcontrollers that are compatible with the Intel 8031 instruction set. The first member of this family was the Intel 8004, and over time, with the advancement of Flash ROM technology, these microcontrollers evolved into one of the most widely used 8-bit architectures. A well-known example is Atmel’s AT89 series, which has found extensive application in industrial control and measurement systems. Many manufacturers have developed their own 51-compatible models, ensuring that this architecture remains dominant in the market for years to come.
UART, or Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter, is a standard serial communication interface used for asynchronous data transfer. It allows bidirectional communication, enabling full-duplex transmission and reception. In embedded systems, UART is commonly used to connect the main processor with peripheral devices, such as communication between a car audio system and an external AP, or between a PC and peripherals like debuggers or EEPROMs.
Inside a computer, data is processed in parallel, but modems require serial input. This is where UART comes into play, converting parallel data into a serial format for transmission. The process involves the CPU placing the data into the UART's register (a temporary memory area), which is then sent via FIFO (First In, First Out) to the serial device. Without FIFO, the data would become corrupted. UART also provides an RS-232C interface, allowing computers to communicate with modems or other serial devices.
In addition to converting parallel to serial data, UART adds a start and stop bit to each character, along with a parity bit for error detection. It can also handle interrupt signals from serial devices like keyboards or mice. Some advanced UARTs include buffers for incoming and outgoing data, improving performance. The 16550 UART, for instance, can store up to 16 bytes of data before the CPU needs to process it, making it ideal for modems. The older 8250 model is still widely used.
Now, let’s explore how UART-based serial communication works on the 51 MCU. The 51 series features a programmable serial port that acts as a complete UART. By initializing the appropriate registers through software, developers can configure the serial port for both transmission and reception. This hardware structure enables efficient communication, supporting both asynchronous and synchronous modes. The serial port is integrated within the microcontroller, making it a versatile component for various applications.
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