Building electrical systems encompass a wide range of components, including power supply and distribution systems, lighting systems, disaster mitigation systems (such as safe electricity use, lightning protection, grounding, fire prevention, anti-theft, air defense, and explosion-proof measures), information systems (including television, radio, audio, networks, and computer management systems), and building automation. These systems are crucial for ensuring the safety, efficiency, and functionality of modern buildings.
Strong electrical systems typically involve power supply, distribution, lighting, control systems, lightning protection, grounding, and wiring. On the other hand, weak electrical systems include automatic fire alarm and fire linkage systems, security systems, communication networks, information network systems, integrated cabling systems, and television systems, along with building automation solutions.
The power supply system is divided into different voltage levels, such as AC 500, 330, 220, 110, 66, 35, 10 (6) KV, and 380/220V, as well as DC 500KV. The dividing line between high and low voltage is at 1000V, with common voltages in industrial and civil buildings being 10kV and 380/220V.
Power loads are categorized into three levels based on reliability requirements and potential impacts of power outages. Primary loads require two independent circuits from different power sources or bus sections. Special primary loads must also have an emergency power supply, such as diesel generators, dedicated feeders, batteries, or dry cells. Secondary loads should be supplied by two circuits, while critical equipment like telephone rooms, elevators, and water pumps are considered primary loads.
Electrical loads are generally divided into lighting and power loads. In residential buildings, air conditioning and electric heating are classified as lighting loads, while elevators, water pumps, fans, and washing machines fall under power loads. Voltage selection and power factor correction are essential for efficient energy use. For installations below 250KW or with transformer capacities under 160KVA, low-voltage supply is used. High-voltage systems require a power factor above 0.9, while low-voltage systems need at least 0.85.
Substations and backup power systems play a vital role in maintaining continuous power supply. Transformers can be oil-immersed or dry-type, with most emergency generators using diesel sets. Substation locations must avoid areas with vibration, high temperatures, dust, moisture, or corrosive gases. They should not be placed directly beneath bathrooms or near them, and if located in basements, they should not be on the lowest level. Fire resistance ratings vary depending on the type of equipment, with oil-immersed transformers requiring higher standards.
Outdoor wiring includes overhead lines and cable routes, with specific distance requirements to ensure safety. Indoor wiring methods such as metal pipes, hard plastic pipes, and direct wiring are used, with strict regulations on installation and spacing. Electrical rooms must maintain proper distances between high and low voltage lines, and power lines for elevators should not be laid in elevator shafts.
Lighting systems are categorized into general, local, and hybrid lighting, with types including normal, emergency, security, and landscape lighting. Emergency lighting must provide at least 2 hours of operation during power outages.
Electrical safety involves understanding safe current levels and implementing protection measures such as leakage current protection and total equipotential bonding. Lightning protection systems are classified into three categories, with specific requirements for each, including lightning rods, down conductors, and grounding devices. Surge protectors and shielding are essential for protecting sensitive electronic systems.
Fire alarm and fire linkage systems are critical for early detection and response. They include detectors, alarms, emergency broadcasts, and specialized telephones. Fire control rooms must meet strict fire resistance and location requirements to ensure quick access and effective monitoring.
Communication systems, including telephone stations, cable broadcasting, sound reinforcement, and closed-circuit television, are designed to meet specific functional and safety standards. Integrated wiring systems support modern smart buildings by enabling seamless connectivity across various technologies.
In summary, building electrical systems are complex and multifaceted, requiring careful planning, design, and maintenance to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance with industry standards. Each component plays a unique role in supporting the overall functionality and performance of the building.
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