1. IPv6 market driving force
Due to the vigorous development of Internet and Internet applications in recent years, the number of people using the network and the number of new computers joining the Internet have increased rapidly. The available addresses of the 32-bit IPv4 address structure currently used on the Internet have already faced a serious shortage of addresses. The popularity of the global broadband access model and the rapid increase in the number of broadband Internet users have changed the way people use dial-up Internet access in the past, and the large increase in the number of user terminal devices always online has exacerbated the consumption of IPv4 addresses.
In addition, the development of WLAN, 2.5, and 3G wireless mobile data networks around the world has accelerated the formation of the Internet-based communication model. Since the growth of mobile communication users is much faster than that of fixed network users, especially various network-enabled The rapid development of mobile terminals, considering the needs of any form of direct personal multimedia communication anytime, anywhere, the existing IPv4 is far from meeting the network market's address space, end-to-end IP connection, service quality, network security and Mobile performance requirements.
2. IPv6 in the architecture of 3G mobile communication system
The wireless communication method is the most flexible access method for the communication network, and the technical integration of the data communication industry and the wireless communication industry is the key to the ultimate realization of "Any to Any" communication. The development of the Internet and the data communication industry has accelerated the evolution of the wireless communication industry, enabling the wireless communication industry to better meet the rapidly growing demand for data services (mainly IP services) in technology. And the third generation mobile communication system 3G will start the Internet era of mobile communication.
Whether it is 3GPP's UMTS or 3GPP2's CDMA2000 system, their system architecture will evolve and develop towards the direction of all-IP. Including the carrying of voice, data, multimedia and other business forms is based on IP; the end-to-end service call model is based on IP; RAN and CN core network switching and call control are also based on IP. In the 3G / B3G system plan, the 3GPP and 3GPP2 specifications have determined that IPv6 is the development direction of 3G / B3G network bearers and business applications. In the IMS stage of 3G / B3G, the network system (including packet domain and circuit domain) will be based on or compatible with IPv6.
People often get confused when they understand IPv6 in the 3GPP / 3GPP2 system, which is caused by IPv6 at two different levels. The first is the data bearing level, where user data traffic flows from the MS to the PDN through the operator PLMN. The other is the transmission bearer layer, which is two different logical layers from the data bearer layer. Broadly speaking, IPv6 will appear in the four areas of the 3GPP / 3GPP2 standard. As shown in Figure 2, two are at the user data bearer level and two at the transport bearer level. The following figure introduces the application environment and role of IPv6 in this system.
One thing needs clarification. First, "IP Bearer Service" It describes the user data service bearer plane in the PLMN, not the transport bearer plane. For a better understanding of the data bearer plane and the transmission bearer plane, please refer to Figure 3. We see that there are two different IP layers in the picture. The orange (including the green used by IMS) is the IP layer that carries user data. It is a network layer used to transfer UDP or TCP between the UE and the application. In addition, in PLMN, there is another set of IP protocol stack in the operator's network. But as shown in the figure, it belongs to another layer, namely the transmission bearer layer.
3. IPv6 at the data bearing level
The data bearer level ranges from the MS to the service-providing network (called PDN in the 3G standard) device that the MS wants to access. In the end-to-end call model, it may be another MS. At the user's data bearing level, IMS (IP MulTImedia Subsystem, green part in Figure 2) and IPv6 are very important parts, because the 3GPP standard requires IMS to use IPv6 and establish its uniqueness. Please note that 3GPP2 also adopts this IMS protocol mode out of consideration for the integration of the two systems. The IMS IPv6 data flow will flow from the MS to the PDN and enter the IM subdomain of the mobile operator. IMS uses SIP as a control plane to control user data. User data will flow to the Intranet, Internet, ASP or WASP that provides SIP applications. This is exactly what the green arrows in Figures 2 and 3 show. Starting from MSs supporting dual stacks (IPv4, IPv6), all network elements related to the IMS call flow in the 3G system will have to support IPv6. Including dual-stack MS, packet gateway and Pi network side network address, SIP control plane CSCF, etc., involved in the IPv6 address allocation of MS, simple IP, mobile IP service PPP session aggregation in PDSN, FA and HA Pipeline, update of HA's COA address binding table, etc. This means that in the implementation of IMS, the use of IPv6 as the core network (including packet, circuit domain) bearer network will be the best choice. At the same time, through the implementation of QoS technology in the IPv6 network, in accordance with the requirements of different service levels and traffic models, it fully guarantees that end-to-end (within the same management domain) services are realized by different SLA requirements for different levels of business applications of 3G network mobile terminals. Quality assurance. There will be different stages before the official commercialization of 3G, such as the integration, testing, and deployment of equipment from different manufacturers. The most prominent problems at this stage are the differences between IETF and 3GPP / 3GPP2 SIP network elements, and the interoperability between IMS and external SIP devices using IPv4.
4. IPv6 transmission bearer level
There are two important parts to consider at the transport bearer level. According to 3GPP / 3GPP2 terminology, it is the core network (CN: Core Network) and the radio access network (RAN: Radio Access Network), both of which can or should use IPv6. The transport bearer layer exists in the bearer layer of the RAN network, the RP / Gn interface and the 3G CN network layer (such as the Gp interface). IPv6 appears as an option.
In the CN and RAN, the transport bearer layer does not make any user interface data forwarding decisions. Only at the PDSN / GGSN will a part of the forwarding judgment based on the IP header be started. More intelligent routing processes occur after the Gi interface of the GGSN and the Pi interface of the PDSN. Between the MS and the PDSN / GGSN, the IP layer about the application is transferred through the tunnel. In 3GPP's UMTS system, CN transmission uses the tunnel protocol GTP (GPRS Tunnel Protocol) to support the connection between MS and GGSN. In GPRS (2.5G), GTP only appears between SGSN and GGSN; in UMTS environment, GTP is also connected to the relevant RNC (Radio Network Controller) and SGSN. GTP can use IPv4 or IPv6. As we mentioned earlier, the IP version of the transport bearer plane (here the GTP IP layer) is completely independent of the data bearer plane. From the MS to the PDSN / GGSN via the uplink, or from the GGSN to the MS via the downlink. When the IP data packet is delivered from the MS to the PDSN / GGSN, its IP routing and forwarding will really start.
XLPE insulated electrical Power Cable consists of below major components: one or more high quality stranded copper or aluminum conducts, XLPE insulation, fixed tape and filler, optional protective armour, overall PVC sheath.
These cables are with simple structure, light weight and high heat resistance. With the development of our technology, our factory is able to manufacturing our products more lighter, durable and flexible for international requirements.
It could be classified into 3 type as below:
Non-armoured XLPE Power Cable(Cu or Al /XLPE/PVC)
Steel Tape Armoured Power Cable(Cu or Al/XLPE/STA/PVC)
Steel Wire Armoured Power Cable(Cu or Al/XLPE/STA/PVC)
Manufacture Standard
This cable is manufactured according to the standard of GB12706-2008(The Same as IEC60502).It can also be manufactured according to IEC,BS,UL as request.
Using features
l Max. permissible continuous operating temperature of conductor is 90℃.
l Max. temperature of conductor during short circuit (5s maximum duration ) shall not exceed 250℃.
l The ambient temperature under installation should not below 0℃.
l The bending radius of a single-core cable: not less than 20
times of cable`s OD
The bending radius of a three-core cable: not less
than 15 times of cable`s OD
Why choose XLPE Insulated Power Cable?
l Heat resistant performance-With XLPE special structure, it will not be decomposed and carbonized up to 300℃ with at most 40 years life time.
l Insulating Performance-Same insulation characteristic as PE, higher electrical resistance and less impact by temperature.
l Mechanical Performance-Higher hardness, stiffness, abrasion resistance and shock resistance.
l Chemical performance-XLPE has higher resistance to acid and alkaline. It only produce water and carbon dioxide, it shows more environmental friendly which could satisfy modern requirements of fire safety.
Application:
This product is suitable for transmission and distribution of electrical power with AC rated voltage 0.6/1Kv,1.8/3 kV,3.6/6 kV,6/10 kV,8.7/10 kV,8.7/15 kV,12/20 kV,26/35kV kV. Such as power distributing systems, industrial plant and others.
You are always welcome to contact us if you have any questions about XLPE electrical power cables. We will offer you professional solutions as you required with attractive price.
XLPE Insulated PVC Sheathed Power Cable
XLPE Insulated PVC Sheathed Power Cable,Power Cable With XLPE Insulator,XLPE Insulation Power Cable,XLPE Insulated Power Cable
Smartell Technology Co.,Ltd , http://www.liencable.com