This paper analyzes the characteristics and current problems of LED lamps from the definition of LED lamps and lamps based on the definition of LED lamps and lamps, and compares them with the performance, evaluation and design of traditional lamps. At the same time, it has introduced the publication of LED lighting standards and the publication of national standards related to LED lamps in China for the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), the US Energy Star, and the North American Lighting Society (IESNA).
The entry of LEDs into the field of lighting has triggered a revolution in the field of new lighting technology. Due to the different shapes, quantities, sizes of LEDs can be arranged in different ways, different LEDs can replace the LED structure in the lamp can be different, a variety of LED lighting products appear in the field of lighting (for example: LED decorative lighting, LED road lamps, LED floodlights, embedded LED lamps, LED tunnel lamps, LED desk lamps and traffic signal lamps, etc.) and traditional light source alternatives (eg LED replacement incandescent lamps, MR16, PAR lamps, straight tube fluorescent lamps) T8/T12, etc.). With the continuous improvement of LED technology and the further improvement of the pursuit of lighting sensory vision, the design and performance requirements of LED luminaires are more specific, which puts higher demands on luminaire manufacturers and lighting product designers. For information on products such as led strips, please click here: http://
Semiconductor LED solid-state lighting is a newly developed industry in recent years. For lighting terminal product designers and lighting manufacturers, it is necessary to master the knowledge of the traditional lighting industry, the standard dynamics at home and abroad, and the knowledge of LED devices. In particular, it is necessary to accurately grasp the definition of LED lights, luminaires, and differences from traditional lighting fixtures. Due to the different industries in the semiconductor industry and the lighting industry, and the lack of sufficient standard support for semiconductor LED solid-state lighting (SSL), there is a mixed phenomenon in domestic LED lighting products. Manufacturers claim that product performance often differs from actual results. Far from far, the color quality and life expectancy are extremely exaggerated, which is unfavorable for the development of China's LED lighting industry and the cultivation of consumer confidence.
This paper analyzes the characteristics and current problems of LED lamps from the definition of LED lamps and lamps based on the definition of LED lamps and lamps, and compares them with the performance, evaluation and design of traditional lamps. At the same time, it introduces the standard situation of LED lamps in China and the world, and points out that the technical elements of LED lamps should be combined to observe and track the changes and development of standards.
1. LED lights, lamps and related definitions
1, LED lights
- LED package: A component of one or more LED wafers including wire bonds or other types of electrical connectors, possibly with optical components, thermal, mechanical and electrical interfaces. The unit does not include a power supply and a standard base. The device cannot be directly connected to the branch circuit.
- LED array or module: An assembly of LED packages (components) or wafers on a printed circuit board or substrate, possibly with optical components, additional thermal, mechanical, and intended connection to the load side of the LED driver. Electrical Interface. The unit does not contain a power supply and a standard base. The device cannot be directly connected to the branch circuit.
- LED light engine: Contains an overall combination of LED packages (components) or LED arrays (modules), LED drivers, and other luminosity, thermal, mechanical, and electrical components. The device is connected directly to the branch circuit through a conventional connector that matches the LED luminaire, which is designed to not use a standard lamp holder.
- LED lamp (non-integrated): A component that contains an LED array (module) or LED package (component) and a standard lamp head. The unit is intended to be connected to the LED driver of the luminaire via a standard lamp holder. The device cannot be directly connected to the branch circuit.
- LED lamp (integrated): Contains an LED package (component) or LED array (module), LED driver, standard lamp holder and other integral combinations of luminosity, thermal, mechanical and electrical components. The device is intended to be directly connected to the branch circuit by a standardized lamp holder.
2, LED lamps
- LED luminaires are LED-based illuminating elements and matched drivers, as well as light distribution components, components that secure and protect the illuminating components, and complete luminaires that connect the appliance to the branch circuit components. Possible forms of LED-based lighting elements are LED packages (components), LED arrays (modules), LED light engines or LED lights. The LED luminaire is intended to be connected directly to the branch circuit.
- Hybrid LED luminaire: A luminaire with LED-based illuminating elements and other types of light sources such as incandescent or fluorescent lamps.
3, LED driver
LED driver: A device that contains power and LED control circuitry to operate an LED package (component), or an LED array (module) or LED.
Interpreting the above definitions related to LEDs provides a basis for us to distinguish between LED lamps and LED lamps. In general, the main difference between LED lamps and LED lamps is whether they are directly connected to the branch circuit. LED lamps are designed to be not intended to be connected to branch circuits. A directly connected product, and an LED luminaire is a product designed to be directly connected to a branch circuit.
The LED light engine is also an LED light, but its characteristics are between LED lamps and integral LED lamps. The difference from the integrated LED lamps is that it contains a connector that matches the fixture, not a standard lamp head, but the difference from the LED lamp is It cannot be directly connected to the branch circuit. Thanks to the set light distribution and standardized connectors, LED light engines can improve the maintainability of certain LED luminaires.
Second, the difference between LED lamps and traditional light source lamps
At present, LED lamps and traditional light source lamps have many different aspects in terms of performance, evaluation and design.
1, in the performance evaluation of LED lamps
a) Color space uniformity evaluation to evaluate the difference in viewing angle color of the presence of LED luminaires.
The characteristics of a single illuminant of a conventional light source are different. The LED lamp used in the LED illuminator is composed of a plurality of illuminants and emits light. There is a color difference between the illuminants in the LED luminaire, and the color space uniformity evaluation is needed to evaluate the color of the LED illuminator. Spatial distribution.
b) Use life to evaluate the durability of LED luminaires.
The measurement and evaluation of the life performance of traditional light sources has been standardized and interchangeable, so the life of traditional light source lamps can be met by replacing the damaged light source and the control device of the lamp designed for 10 years of life, so it is generally not evaluated. The life of traditional light source lamps. The life of an LED luminaire is related to the life of the LED itself, the LED driver, and the environment in which the luminaire is supplied to the LED. Many LED lamps are currently in the form of LEDs. Except for LEDs with standard lamp heads, other LED lamps are not interchangeable. The lifetime of different LED luminaires can only be determined by the relevant life evaluation. When evaluating the life of an LED luminaire, it is necessary to claim not only the lumen maintenance life (LX) but also the failure rate (FX).
c) The evaluation parameters of the luminous flux ratio that can be utilized by the luminaire are different from those of conventional luminaires. Traditional lighting fixtures are evaluated with luminaire efficiency, while LED luminaires are evaluated for efficacy.
d) Unlike traditional illumination sources, photometric testing can be performed separately. Relative methods can be used for photometric measurement. LED light sources are extremely sensitive to temperature. It is not suitable to separate LED light sources from the lamps. Separate measurement should be used for photometric measurements. The photometric test was performed as a whole.
2, in the design of LED lamps
LED luminaires with traditional light source design in optical system design, electrical accessories, heat dissipation measures, and structural design
There is a clear departure from the comparison.
a) Optical system
The optical system of the luminaire is the soul of the luminaire. The purpose is to design a luminaire optical system that meets the specific lighting requirements according to the characteristics of the selected light source. Generally, the optical system of a conventional light source luminaire consists of a light source, a lamp holder, a reflector, and a translucent cover. Since some LED units have a photometric characteristic of 2Ï€ illumination, the luminosity system of the luminaire is quite different from the conventional illuminant lamp. The specific performance characteristics are as follows:
(1) LED luminaire optical system generally consists of LED chip and lens composed of LED unit or LED unit array. The array is sometimes arranged on a flat aluminum substrate, or on a protruding or concave molded substrate. The luminaire is used or not. Use a translucent cover. The luminaire manufacturer can combine multiple LED units or dozens of LED units on the substrate according to lighting requirements. Attention should be paid to controlling the consistency of the color of the LED unit after the combination, and assessing the uniformity of the color space of the LED luminaire.
(2) Since the photoelectric characteristics of the LED are very sensitive to the change of the PN junction temperature; the encapsulating resin will rapidly deteriorate under high temperature and strong light irradiation; the long-term optical radiation will gradually reduce the photoconversion rate of the phosphor and lead to the color seat. The target offset. In the life evaluation of LED lamps, the lumen maintenance rate of LED lamps is usually evaluated under the condition of limiting color shift.
b) electrical accessories
LED drive power is a key element in the performance of LED luminaires and is one of the choices or design requirements for luminaires. The electrical design of the LED luminaire should take into account the characteristics and number of LEDs used in the luminaire, where the luminaire is installed, and the location of the luminaire in the grid to consider electrical safety, constant current drive, immunity and EMI, and to select or design a suitable LED drive power source.
Since the LED is driven by a low voltage constant current source of 2V~3V, unlike ordinary incandescent bulbs, it can directly connect 220V AC mains. It is necessary to design power supply and control circuit to drive the LED. In addition, the electrical connection of the LED module is also An important part of the electrical system of LED luminaires should be fully considered for safety. Standard connectors, adequate insulation, and protection against electric shock should be used.
c) heat dissipation measures
Like traditional light source luminaires, LED luminaires are also hot. The heat of LED luminaires comes from the loss of LED photoelectric conversion and the LED drive power. Different from the principle of traditional electric light source illumination (heat radiation of incandescent lamps and gas discharges such as fluorescent lamps), the illumination of LEDs is electroluminescence. Due to the problem of conversion efficiency, most of the energy output is mainly lattice generated by non-radiative recombination. The form of vibration converts thermal energy. The way heat is transferred within the LED is not radiation but conduction. Therefore, the main goal in the LED lamp heat dissipation design is to effectively conduct the heat of the LED chip effectively and effectively control the LED junction temperature in the LED lamp.
For LED luminaires, in addition to the LED is a heat-generating component, the driver in the LED luminaire is also a heat-generating component. In order to ensure the life with the LED light source, the thermal control of the LED driver is also very important. If the built-in driving power source is used, the luminaire should be based on it. The internal ambient temperature selects the drive labeled with the corresponding tc. When the drive is installed separately, the corresponding tc driver should be selected according to the possible ambient temperature of the installation site.
d) mechanical components and structures
The function of the machine is to determine the position and relationship of the optical system, electrical system and thermal system of the luminaire through structural design, so that the luminaire can be fixed and safely used in the set environment.
The mechanical system of the traditional luminaire consists of the structure of the fixed light source, the reflector, the control device of the lamp, the cable structure of the flexible cable or the flexible wire, the sealing structure, the mechanical protection structure, the fixed structure of the lamp and the adjustment structure of the lamp, etc. It consists of lamp holder or light source connector, lamp holder mounting bracket, cord holder, terminal block, housing, lamp cover and lamp mounting bracket. Due to the characteristics of the LED light source, the LED lamp has several forms such as a package, a module, an LED light engine, an integral LED lamp, and a non-integrated LED lamp, except that the last two forms may have an internal structure similar to that of a conventional light source lamp. LED lamps do not have a standard lamp head. In this case, the LED lamp has the following structural features:
- There is no lamp holder in the LED luminaire. Instead, the connector is used to complete the electrical connection between the LED lamp and the luminaire, and the LED lamp is fixed to the luminaire body by other means.
- In order to derive the heat generated by the LED chip, the LED lamp has a large number of heat sinks. The volume and weight of the lamp are much larger than those of the conventional light source lamp. The installation structure of the lamp should be considered accordingly to ensure the safety and reliability of the installation. At the same time, the heat sink should be designed to be easy to clean or not easy to accumulate, otherwise the efficiency of the heat sink will be quickly reduced.
- When the LED luminaire uses a power cord and the power cord is detachable for maintenance, it is a non-Z type connection. Like a conventional light source that is not a Z-type connection, the LED luminaire should also use a cord holder.
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